## What is a CD?
A certificate of deposit, or CD, is a type of savings account that pays a fixed interest rate and has a set maturity date. When you open a CD account, you agree to keep your money deposited for a specific length of time, ranging from a few months to several years. In exchange, the bank pays you interest on your deposit.
CDs are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) up to $250,000 per depositor, per bank. This makes them one of the safest places to put your money. The interest rate on a CD depends on the term you choose. Longer term CDs generally pay higher interest rates.
For example, you'll typically earn a higher rate on a 5-year CD than on a 1-year CD. CD rates also tend to be higher than rates on savings accounts and money market accounts. When you open a CD, you commit to keeping your money in the account for the full term, such as 1 year, 3 years, or 5 years. Withdrawing money early results in a penalty which cuts into your earnings. The most common early withdrawal penalty is 6 months of interest. At maturity, you can withdraw the money, plus any earned interest, or renew the CD.
Renewing starts a new term at the current interest rate.
## What is a FIA?
A fixed indexed annuity (FIA) is a insurance-based financial product that provides the opportunity to earn interest based on the performance of an external market index, like the S&P 500. However, unlike investing directly in the stock market, an FIA protects the principal investment and guarantees a minimum return, even if the market goes down.
An FIA is a contract between an individual and an insurance company. The individual makes either a lump-sum payment or a series of payments to the insurance company, and those funds grow tax-deferred until withdrawal.
The insurance company invests the funds in its general investment account. Unlike bank CDs, FIAs are not FDIC insured. However, state insurance guaranty associations provide protection up to a set limit per individual, per company in case of insurer insolvency. Interest is credited based on the growth of the external index or benchmark, without directly participating in the market.
The most common crediting methods are:
- Point-to-Point: Compares index value at beginning and end of term. Interest is credited based on the percentage change.
- Participation Rate: Interest is credited based on a percentage of the index gains. For example, 50% participation means you earn 50% of the gains.
- Index Cap Rate: Interest is credited up to a maximum cap, even if index gains are higher. For example, a 5% cap means 5% interest maximum.
- Spread/Margin: A set percentage is subtracted from any index gains before interest is credited. For example, a 2% spread means 2% less than the index gain. The key advantage of a FIA is downside protection against market losses. The credited interest will never be less than zero, protecting principal. However, upside potential is usually somewhat limited compared to direct stock market investing.
## Interest Rates Certificate of deposit (CD) interest rates are set by the bank or credit union when you open the account. The rate is fixed for the term of the CD, typically ranging from 3 months to 5 years. Banks will set rates based on the current interest rate environment and to remain competitive in attracting deposits. CD rates tend to track closely to Treasury yields of a similar duration.
Fixed indexed annuities (FIAs) do not offer a fixed interest rate. Rather, interest is credited based on the performance of an external market index, such as the S&P 500. Interest is calculated based on a portion of any gains in the index over a specified period, known as the crediting period. This provides investors with upside potential while limiting downside risk.
The insurance company will set parameters like the participation rate and caps that determine how much interest is credited. FIAs use options strategies to hedge market risk. Interest rates can fluctuate from year-to-year depending on index performance.
The key difference is CDs offer a fixed, guaranteed rate while FIAs offer the possibility of higher but variable interest based on market conditions. CD rates are generally lower but more predictable than FIAs currently. Investors must weigh the trade-off between locking in a lower fixed return versus potentially earning higher returns long-term from an FIA linked to stock market performance.
## Liquidity Liquidity refers to how accessible your money is in an investment product. This is an important consideration when comparing CDs and FIAs.
Certificate of Deposits CDs are somewhat illiquid investments. When you purchase a CD, you agree to leave your money deposited for a set period of time, usually ranging from 3 months to 5 years. Withdrawing money early from a CD results in stiff penalties, which are usually 3-6 months worth of interest. So if you need the ability to access your funds penalty-free before the CD matures, a CD is probably not the right choice for you. The only way to get your money out without penalty is once the CD term expires.
Fixed Indexed Annuities FIAs also limit liquidity through surrender charges, which are fees charged if you withdraw more than a certain percentage of your account value each year. The surrender period typically lasts 5-10 years. However, many FIAs allow you to withdraw a portion of your account value, usually 10% per year, without paying surrender charges. There may also be rider options that allow for larger penalty-free withdrawals if needed for medical or nursing home care. So FIAs offer more liquidity and flexibility than CDs when it comes to accessing your money before maturity without penalty. But you do still lose a degree of liquidity compared to products like savings accounts.
Overall, neither CDs nor FIAs are ideal if you need totally free access to your money at any time. But FIAs provide more liquidity than CDs through withdrawal allowances.
## Safety When it comes to safety,
CDs and FIAs offer some key protections but have important differences.
Certificates of deposit (CDs) are FDIC insured up to $250,000 per depositor, per insured bank. This means if the bank fails, you are guaranteed to get your CD principal and interest back up to $250,000. The FDIC insurance provides an important safety net for CD investors.
Fixed indexed annuities (FIAs) provide guarantees on your principal and credited interest via the insurance company that issues the annuity contract. FIAs guarantee you will not lose money due to market declines. Any gains are based on the performance of an external market index, with caps, participation rates, and spreads that limit how much of the upside you receive.
FIAs do not carry FDIC insurance but do provide guarantees backed by the financial strength of the issuing insurance company. In both CDs and FIAs, it's important to understand the strength of the financial institution backing them. Well capitalized banks and insurance companies can better weather financial storms. But the guarantees on principal and credited interest provide an important layer of safety for both CDs and FIAs not found in products directly exposed to market risk.
## Tax Treatment When it comes to taxes, there are some key differences between CDs and FIAs worth noting. Interest earned on CDs is considered ordinary income for tax purposes. This means CD interest is taxed at your regular income tax rate. So if you're in a high tax bracket, a good chunk of your CD earnings could go to the IRS.
With a fixed indexed annuity, the interest crediting methods used allow taxes on interest earnings to be deferred. You don't pay tax on the interest earned each year. Rather, taxes are deferred until you start receiving income payments in retirement. And even then, similar to 401ks and IRAs, you'll likely be in a lower tax bracket so your tax bill on the interest will be lower. One other potential tax advantage of an FIA over a CD is something called 'exclusion ratio.' This allows part of each annuity payment to be considered a return of principal, which is tax free. So in summary, FIAs can provide more tax deferred growth potential compared to CDs. Keeping more money invested and letting it grow tax deferred can make a significant impact over the long run.
Consult with a financial advisor or tax professional to understand how this may benefit your specific financial situation.
## Fees When comparing fees charged on CDs and FIAs, there are some key differences to consider. CDs typically have very low fees. Banks may charge a small account maintenance fee, but there are no charges related specifically to the CD itself.
FIAs have higher fees than CDs, as there are costs associated with the insurance component of the product. FIAs have mortality and expense charges, administrative fees, surrender charges, and rider fees for added benefits. These fees range from 1-3% annually. The insurance company uses the fees charged on an FIA to cover their costs and risks associated with providing lifetime income guarantees.
Since CDs do not have any guarantees or insurance features, they do not require the same level of fees. When evaluating the total cost of ownership, FIAs will have higher fees over time compared to CDs. However, the guarantees provided by an FIA may make the fees worthwhile, as they reduce the risks of outliving savings in retirement. Investors have to weigh the importance of guarantees against the higher ongoing costs.
## Payout Options
The way that CDs and FIAs pay out at maturity are different. With CDs, the principal and interest are paid out together in a lump sum at maturity. The lump sum payout provides full access to the principal and any interest earned.
FIAs offer more flexibility with payout options at maturity:
- Lump sum - The full account value is paid out. This provides full access to principal and any gains.
- Income for a set period
- Payments are made to the annuity owner for a set number of years. This provides predictable income in retirement.
- Lifetime income
- Payments are made for the life of the annuity owner and potentially their spouse. This protects against the risk of outliving savings.
- Joint life income - Payments are made over the joint lifetime of the annuity owner and their spouse. This provides income while both are living. - Inheritance - Payments can continue to beneficiaries after the death of the annuity owner. This leaves an inheritance.
Overall, FIAs offer more flexibility and options for generating retirement income from the annuity. CDs pay out in a lump sum only. Annuities allow tailoring payouts to meet income needs in retirement through options like lifetime income.
## Death Benefits
When it comes to death benefits, CDs and FIAs have some key differences in how the account balance can be paid out to beneficiaries upon the death of the account owner.
For CDs, if the account owner passes away, the CD balance will be paid out to the named beneficiary or beneficiaries. The funds can be paid out in a lump sum or installments, depending on what options the bank provides. The beneficiary will have to pay income tax on the interest earned by the CD based on the owner's cost basis.
With FIAs, there are a couple options for payout upon death: - If the owner passes away during the accumulation phase, the account balance will be paid to the named beneficiary. Similar to a CD, taxes will be owed on the gains.
- If the owner passes away during the annuitization phase when they are receiving scheduled payments, the treatment depends on the type of payout option selected:
- With a life-only annuity, payments stop upon the death of the owner.
- With a joint life annuity, payments continue to the surviving spouse.
- With a life annuity with a guaranteed period, payments will continue to a beneficiary until the end of the guaranteed period.
So in summary, the key difference is that FIAs offer more options for continued payments to a beneficiary after the death of the owner, while CDs typically pay out just the account balance in a lump sum. FIAs can provide more flexibility for generating retirement income that continues beyond the owner's lifetime.
## Which is Better?
Both CDs and FIAs have pros and cons that make them suitable for different financial situations.
Here is a summary of the key differences:
### Certificate of Deposit
Pros:
- Higher interest rates than savings accounts - FDIC insured for safety of principal
- Simple and easy to understand
Cons:
- Lower return potential than equities
- Locked in interest rate for term of CD
- Penalty for early withdrawal
Best Use Cases: - Short-term savings goals under 5 years -
Conservative investors who prioritize preservation of capital ### Fixed Indexed
Annuity Pros
: - Upside potential from market indexes without downside risk
- Tax-deferred growth
- Lifetime income options - Avoid probate with beneficiary payouts
Cons:
- Complex with caps, participation rates, fees - Illiquidity, surrender charges for early withdrawal
- No FDIC insurance on gains
Best Use Cases:
- Retirement income
- Principal protection over long-term
- Legacy planning In summary, CDs are better for short-term savers who want simplicity and FDIC insurance.
FIAs are preferred for retirement income or long-term growth potential without market risk. The right product depends on your financial priorities and needs.
Comments